Just a year ago, Pamela Cox, the World Bank’s vice
president for East Asia and the Pacific, stated that in this time of
continuing global recession, Indonesia was considered one of the investment
bright spots in the world generating more jobs and growth.
However, there
is a fundamental question as to whether this growth is going to be an
inclusive one that will eventually benefit Indonesian society at large and
future generations.
Indonesia’s
resilient growth has accelerated the economic restructuring and
globalization of the industrial sector in Jabodetabek (Greater Jakarta
Area) and, to a lesser extent, the service sector.
In 2011 alone,
the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) recorded 317 new foreign direct
investments (FDI) related to manufacturing industries in the metropolitan
area — compared to 75 domestic investments.
Since the
beginning of the 1990s most formal manufacturing has been located outside
Jakarta. Jakarta’s share of manufacturing employment has decreased by 15
percent. In contrast, the suburbs (Bodetabek or Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and
Bekasi; Serang and Karawang) have experienced a rapid influx of
manufacturing industries, where employment has increased by 159 percent
during the last 15 years.
In the last
decade, the suburbs (Bodetabek) have attracted most FDI in the
manufacturing, real estate and infrastructure sectors (BKPM, 2010). From
1998 to 2009, the contribution of the suburbs to these sectors stabilized
at 84-87 percent.
About 50
percent of the FDI in these secondary sectors in Jabodetabek was captured
by Bekasi regency alone.
As an
illustration, the seven industrial parks in Cikarang, Bekasi have a
potential export value of up to US$15.1-30.56 billion, or about 46 percent
of the national non-oil and gas exports of $66.428 billion (2005).
Clearly,
large-scale private land development has become a major feature of
industrialization in Greater Jakarta.
Since the late
1980s, the development of private industrial parks in suburban Jakarta has
followed, or at least corresponded to the development of, inter-city
highways.
This
industrial land development has extended the traditional boundaries of the
metropolitan area from merely Jakarta and its surrounding municipalities
and districts (Bodetabek) toward Serang and Karawang districts.
This extended
mega-city region now covers a total area of 9,016.43 km2. There are more
than 35 industrial parks in this region with a total area of over 18,000
hectares. The size of industrial parks ranges from 50 to 1,800 hectares,
while the average size is about 500 hectares.
There has been
a shift of manufacturing industrial location from unplanned and sprawling
industrial zones toward planned concentration in these industrial parks. In
1995 the industrial parks attracted only 300,000 jobs (28 percent of the
total).
However, the
number rose by 66 percent in 2010 to almost 500,000 (40 percent of the
total). In view of these trends it can be suggested that, if they continue,
it is likely that a polycentric spatial structure will emerge in the region.
This changing
spatial structure can be seen as an opportunity to promote a better planned
metropolitan area. However, with an absence of adequate planning framework
and institutions, the active roles of foreign investors and big private
developers in industrial transformation may potentially strengthen social
segregation.
For example,
industrial towns in Cikarang have per capita income almost twice as high as
that of Jakarta. Meanwhile, their neighboring villages have only a fifth to
a tenth of that figure. The figures imply that the formal industrial
development has grown at the expense of regional cohesion.
This high
income inequality has raised security issues among members of the upper-
and middle-class society. It has resulted in the congregation of gated
communities in the forms for private towns and clusters around the
industrial parks. The socioeconomic segregation in such new towns recalls
the racial separation of the colonial age.
Theoretically,
a large concentration of industries in one location may create economies of
scale, thus increasing economic efficiency through, for example, sharing
responsibilities of infrastructure provision. Interestingly, in major locations
of industrial agglomeration in Greater Jakarta, this sharing has not been
the case.
Each industrial
park tends to build its own urban infrastructure and facilities, such as a
road network, telecommunications network, wastewater treatment plant, and
clean water treatment plant, without clear coordination.
As a result,
the infrastructures built by different industrial land developers tend to
be disconnected from each other.
It is widely
evident that the role of the government has been relatively modest in the
process of large-scale industrial development, focused on ad hoc
facilitation of the private-sector driven initiative. Building more robust
linkages with the local economy and small-scale industries, a more direct
role of the government might be expected in the future by, for example,
promoting the existing industrial park’s agglomeration through integrated
special economic zone plans.
In order to be
attractive, the plan should be built on clear government entrepreneurial
ambition and long-term vision.
There is also
an urgent need to improve the capacity of suburban local government and
metropolitan governance in order to better formulate, adapt, coordinate and
implement local and regional land-use plans and integrate them with
regional economic policies and longer-term plans prepared by the national
government.
Institution
building should be emphasized at the regional level since most
sustainability issues have major implications for metropolitan regions.
In the context
of Indonesia’s decentralization policy (regional autonomy), multi-level
coordination and cooperation among existing local, provincial and national
governments is recommended rather than designing a new rigid regional
governmental tier.
It seems that
the private sector and the local community needs to be involved at a
proportionate level in regional decision-making since they will continue to
play an active role in the industrialization process.
Finally, in the
face of increasingly congested city of Jakarta, the government may support
the industrial deconcentration trend by offering more incentives to
investors who wish to move out of the city and relocate their activities to
designated suburban industrial parks.
Stricter
environmental regulation needs to be followed by stronger monitoring and
control, thus more industries will be forced to leave the unplanned
suburban zones and scattered pockets and fill out the industrial parks.
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